复合句与简单句的转换技巧
复合句与简单句的转换技巧
一、含宾语从句的复合句转换为简单句
即将宾语从句转换成相应的短语。如：
We expected that you would come. 我们希望你来。
→We expected you to come. 我们希望你来。
Now tell me what I should do. 现在告诉我该怎么办。
→Now tell me what to do. 现在告诉我该怎么办。
I remember I once met her at a party. 我记得在一次晚会上见过他。
→I remember once meeting her at a party. 我记得在一次晚会上见过他。
I ask him what I shall do. 我问他该怎么办。
→I ask him what to do. 我问他该怎么办。
I can’t decide whom I shou ld invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。
→I can’t decide whom to invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。
二、含状语从句的复合句转换成简单句
即将状语从句转换成状语短语。如：
He can’t come because he is ill. 他因病不能来。
→He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。
Turn off the light before you leave. 离开前请关灯。
→Turn off the light before leaving. 离开前请关灯。
He went home after he finished his work. 他做完工作后就回家了。
→He went home after finishing his work. 他做完工作后就回家了。
He was so angry that h e couldn’t speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
→He was too angry too speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考及格。 →He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考及格。
句型变换·陈述句变疑问句
1. 变成一般疑问句
将陈述句变成一般疑问句，要根据陈述句中的谓语动词及其时态确定疑问形式。其句型特点一般是：助动词或情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 动词 + 其他？如：
The policeman told the boys not to play football in the street. (甘肃省中考题) ________ the policeman ________ the boys not to play football in the street?
答案：Did, tell
2. 变成特殊疑问句
将陈述句变成特殊疑问句时，常用的方法是“一选，二移，三变，四代”。“一选”就是选择疑问词，被选择的疑问代词有：what, which, who, whose ；疑问副词有：where, when, why, how ；疑问副词词组有：how long, how often, how soon, how far, how ma ny, how much, how old 等。“二移”就是把be 动词，助动词或情态动词移到句首。“三变”就是将原句中第一个单词的首字母改为小写(专有名词除外) ，将some, something 等改为any, anything 等，将句号改为问号。四代就是将选好的特殊疑问词替代划线部分。如：(西宁市中考题)
At the age of three, David weighed (就划线部分提问)
________ did David weigh at the age of three?
答案：How much
3. 变成选择疑问句
将陈述句变成一般疑问句，在问号前加上“or + 所给的被选择部分”。如：(新疆中考题)
Most young men like popular music. (用 rock music 改为选择疑问句)
________ most young men like popular music ________ rock music?
答案：Do, or
4. 变成反意疑问句
陈述句变成反意疑问句时一定要遵循“前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定”的原则。历年中考常考的六种特殊的反意疑问句是①在英语口语中，I am 后面的附加疑问部分常用aren’t I ；②There be... 后面的附加疑问部分一般用be(not)there；③在Let us... 后面，常用will you ；④Let’s...后面，常用shall we ；⑤had better 后面，附加疑问部分的助动词用had ；⑥当陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问部分通常用will you 或won’t you 。如：(from www.zkenglish.com)
Miss King hardly spoke a word the whole time. (广州市中考题)
Miss King hardly spoke a word the whole time, ________ ________?
答案：did she
句型变换·肯定句变成否定句
1. 若原句中有动词be
原句中含有be 动词(am, is, are, was, were) 和助动词(have, has, had) 和情态动词(can, shall, will, may, should, would, might, had better 等) 时，要在动词后直接加not 。如：
His mother has already called the police for help. (乌鲁木齐市中考题)
His mother ________ called the police for help ________. (答案：hasn’t, yet)
2. 若原句中没有动词be
原句中没有be 动词，助动词或情态动词时，要在行为动词前加助动词(do, does, did) 与否定副词not 的缩写形式。另外，还需要将原句子中的some 改为any ； too 改either ；a lready 改为yet 。还需要分清do, have 等是实义动词还是助动词。如：
The old man hurt his leg last Wednesday. (西宁市中考题)
The old man ________ ________ his leg last Wednesday. (答案：didn’t hurt)
3. 若原句中有不定代词
原句中含有every, everything, all, both 等不定代词或both…and…, a lot of 等短语时，与否定副词not 连用属部分否定。把这些不定代词变成neither, none, no one 或把bo th…and…变成neither…nor…时，才是全部否定。如：
Both Joy and Sam like singing Beijing Oper a . (新疆中考题)
________ Joy ________ Sam likes singing Beijing Opera.(答案：Neither, nor)
4. 若原句为复合句
在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think 时，如果要否定后面的宾语从句，习惯上否定主句的谓语动词。如：
I think she will come here soon. →I don’t think she will come here soon.
如何将陈述句变为疑问句
一、变为一般疑问句
将陈述句变成一般疑问句，要根据陈述句中的谓语动词及其时态确定疑问形式。其句型特点一般是：助动词或情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 动词 + 其他？如：
The policeman told the boys not to play football in the street. (甘肃省中考题) ______ the policeman ______ the boys not to play football in the street?
答案：Did, tell
二、变为特殊疑问句
将陈述句变成特殊疑问句时，常用的方法是“一选，二移，三变，四代”。“一选”就是选择疑问词，被选择的疑问代词有：what, which, who, whose ；疑问副词有：where, when, why, how ；疑问副词词组有：how long, how often, how soon, how far, how ma ny, how much, how old 等。“二移”就是把be 动词，助动词或情态动词移到句首。“三变”就是将原句中第一个单词的首字母改为小写(专有名词除外) ，将some, something 等改为any, anything 等，将句号改为问号。四代就是将选好的特殊疑问词替代划线部分。如：(西宁市中考题)
At the age of three, David weighed (就划线部分提问)
________ did David weigh at the age of three?
答案：How much
三、变为选择疑问句
将陈述句变成一般疑问句，在问号前加上“or + 所给的被选择部分”。如：(新疆中考题)
Most young men like popular music. (用 rock music 改为选择疑问句)
______ most young men like popular music ______ rock music?
答案：Do, or (from www.zkenglish.com)
四、变为反意疑问句
陈述句变成反意疑问句时一定要遵循“前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定”的原则。历年中考常考的六种特殊的反意疑问句是①在英语口语中，I am 后面的附加疑问部分常用aren ’t I ；②There be... 后面的附加疑问部分一般用be(not)there；③在Let us... 后面，常用will you ；④Let’s...后面，常用shall we ；⑤had better 后面，附加疑问部分的助动词用had ；⑥当陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问部分通常用will you 或won’t you 。如：
Miss King hardly spoke a word the whole time. (广州市中考题)
Miss King hardly spoke a word the whole time, ______ ______?
答案：did she
肯定句变否定句的技巧
一、动词后直接加not 。原句中含有be 动词(am, is, are, was, were) 和助动词(have, has, had) 和情态动词(can, shall, will, may, should, would, might, had better 等) 时，要在动词后直接加not 。如：
His mother has already called the police for help. (乌鲁木齐市中考题)
His mother ______ called the police for help ______. (答案：hasn’t, yet)
二、原句中没有be 动词，助动词或情态动词时，要在行为动词前加助动词(do, does, did) 与否定副词not 的缩写形式。另外，还需要将原句子中的some 改为any ； too 改eithe r ；already 改为yet 。还需要分清do, have 等是实义动词还是助动词。如(from zkenglish.c om) ：
The old man hurt his leg last Wednesday. (西宁市中考题)
The old man ______ ______ his leg last Wednesday. (答案：didn’t hurt)
三、原句中含有every, everything, all, both 等不定代词或both…and…, a lot of 等短语时，与否定副词not 连用属部分否定。把这些不定代词变成neither, none, no one 或把both…and…变成neither…nor…时，才是全部否定。如：
Both Joy and Sam like singing Beijing Oper a . (新疆中考题)
______ Joy ______ Sam likes singing Beijing Opera.(答案：Neither, nor)
四、在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think 时，如果要否定后面的宾语从句，习惯上否定主句的谓语动词。如：
I think she will come here soon. →I don’t think she will come here soon.
同义句变换·根据句意改写
主要考查学生对句意的理解和用一个词或一种结构来概括上句的意思的综合能力。如：
1. Li Hua and Zhang Ming are the same age.
Li Hua is _________ _________ _________ Zhang Ming.
【答案】as old / young as。第一句的意思是“李华和张明同岁”，第二句是说“李华和张明年纪一样大”。
2. How many people live in France?
_________ _________ the population of France?
【答案】What is。第一句的意思是“法国有多少人? ”第二句的意思是“法国的人口有多少? ”
3. The runner fell behind the others though he did what he could.
The runner _________ to keep up with the others though he _________ his _________.
【答案】failed; tried; best。第一句意思是：虽然这名赛跑选手尽了全力，但还是落在了别人的后面。第二句的意思是：虽然这名赛跑选手尽了全力，但还是跟不上别人。
4. Before talking, he told me his name and I told him my name . We _________ _________ _________ _________ before talking.
【答案】told each other’s names。第一句意思是：谈话前，他告诉了我他的名字，我也告诉他我的名字。第二句的意思是：谈话前，我们相互告知了对方的名字。
5. She has been away from Shanghai for over one year.
More than one year has _________ since she _________ Shanghai.
【答案】passed; left。第一句的意思是：她离开上海已经一年多了。第二句的意思是：自从她离开上海，一年多已经过去了。
6. Walk along the street, then take the third crossing on the right.
Walk down the street, then _________ _________ at the third crossing.
【答案】turn right。两句都是告知他人去某地的路线的常用语，其句意都是：沿着这条街走，然后在第三个拐弯处右转。
同义句变换·利用从句改写
即运用关系代词、关系副词或从属连词改写。如：
1. The man is talking with a lady. He gave us a talk last week.
The man _________ gave us a talk last week _________ _________ with a lady.
【答案】who / that; is talking 。定语从句who / that gave us a talk last week 修饰先行词the man 。
2. He didn’t want to miss the first bus, so he got up early.
He got up early _________ _________ he could catch the first bus.
【答案】so that 。目的状语从句so that he could catch the first bus 说明动词got u p early 的目的。
3. “Did you sleep well last night?” David asked her.
David asked her _________ _________ _________ well last night.
【答案】if / whether she slept 。直接引语转换成间接引语时，如果直接引语是一般疑问句时，连接词要用if 或whether ，句子保持陈述句的语序。
4. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
_________ we _________ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
【答案】 If; don’ t 。if 引导条件状语从句。句意为：如果我们还不快一点，我们就赶不上头班车了。
祈使句与条件状语从句的相互转换。
5. John will go to bed after he finished his homework.
John _________ to bed _________ he finished his homework.
【答案】didn’t; unt il 。not…until表示“直到„„才”的意思。
同义句变换·利用so do I 改写
“so ＋动词＋主语”结构，表示肯定，译为“某人(物) 也如此”。“neither ／nor ＋动词＋主语”结构表示否定， 译为“某人(物) 也不„„”。这两种结构指前一句所说的情况同样也适合另一个人或物。转换时应注意四点：
1. 动词指助动词、be 动词或情态动词；
2. 动词在时态上与前句呼应；
3. 动词在数上要与本句主语保持一致；
4. 表示否定时，neither ／nor 本身具有否定意义，动词要用肯定形式。
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and _________ _________ his parents.
【答案】so do 。主语是复数his parents, 时态是一般现在时，助动词用do 。
2. I like playing tennis. He likes playing tennis, too.
I like playing tennis, _________ _________ he.
【答案】so does 。主语是第三人称单数，时态是一般现在时，助动词用does 。
同义句变换·利用连词改写
(1. 运用关联连词(组) both...and, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, as wel l as 等，可将并列句或两个句子合并为一个简单句，注意neither...nor, either...or, not onl y...but also 作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。
1. Lucy can’t sing the English song Yesterday Once More . And Lily can’t sing it, either.
_________ Lucy _________ Lily can sing the English song Yesterday Once More .
【答案】Neither; nor 。neither...nor 表示 “(两者) 都不”。
2. My father isn’t a history teacher. My mother isn’t a history teacher, either. _________ my father _________ my mother _________ a history teacher.
【答案】Neither; nor; is 。neither …nor… 作句子的主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”，与最邻近的那个名词或代词保持数的一致。
3. Alice has seen the film twice. Sandy has seen it twice, too.
_________ Alice _________ Sandy have seen the film twice.
【答案】Both; and 。both…and 表示“(两者) 都”。
4. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells _________ _________ men’s shoes _________ _________ men’s clo thes.
【答案】not only; but also 。not only...but also 示“不仅……而且”之意。
同义句变换·利用介词短语改写
1. We have friends in the whole world.
Our friends are _________ _________ the world.
【答案】all over 。固定词组all over 表示“遍及”之意。
2. It’s a long time since we met last.
We haven’t seen each other _________ _________.
【答案】for long 。for long 意为“很长一段时间”。
3. He walks to school every day.
He goes to school _________ _________ every day.
【答案】on foot 。固定词组on foot 意为“步行”。
4. Tom had no time for breakfast. He went to school in a hurry.
Tom _________ to school _________ breakfast.
【答案】went; without 。介词without 有“没有，不(带) ”之意。
5. I met one of my friends when I was going to the museum.
_________ _________ _________ to the museum I met an old friend of mine.
【答案】On my way 。介词短语on one’s way to… 表示“在某人去……的路上”的意思。
同义句变换·利用不定式改写
1. The foreigners want to know how they can learn Chinese Kongfu well.
The foreigners want to know _________ _________ learn Chinese Kongfu well.
【答案】how to 。不定式与特殊疑问词what, when, where, how, which, whether 连用构成不定式复合结构，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。
2. She was so weak that she couldn’t take care of her baby.
She was _________ weak _________ take care of her baby.
【答案】too; to 。原句意思是：她身体太弱，不能照顾孩子。too…to … 句型表示“太……以致于(不能) ……”之意。
3. She seems to be worried now.
_________ _________ that she _________ worried now.
【答案】It seems; is 。固定句型 It seems / seemed that sb… 可替换成sb seems / seemed to …，表示“某人看起来……”。
4. He was so happy that he couldn’t say a word when he was told the news. He was _________ happy _________ say a word when he was told the news.
【答案】too; to 。too…to… 表示“太……而不能……”之意。
5. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn’t skate on it.
The ice on the lake was not _________ enough _________people _________ _________ _________ it.
【答案】thick; for; to skate on 。形容词或副词+enough +to do sth, 意为“足够……以致于能够……”，用来替换“so…that+结果状语从句”。
6. In China we build the Great Green Wall so that the wind won’t blow the ea rth away.
In China we build the Great Green Wall _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ the earth away.
【答案】to stop the wind from blowing 。不定式作目的状语。
同义句变换·利用时态改写
中考同义句改写中涉及的时态间的相互转换主要是针对一般过去时与现在完成时两种时态间的转换而言的，应特别注意非延续性动词的用法。如：
1. The film began 20 minutes ago.
The film has been _________ _________ 20 minutes.
【答案】on for 。短暂动词begin ，在此意为“(电影) 开始(放映、上演) ”，不能与延续时间状语连用，与延续性时间状语连用时，将begin 改成be up 。has been 提示时态是现在完成时态， “for+时间段” 表示“持续(一段时间) ”，常用在含有现在完成时态的句子里。
2. Sam’s grandfather died 10 years ago.
Sam’s grandfather has been _________ _________ 10 years.
【答案】dead for 。短暂动词die ，意为“死亡”，不能与延续性时间状语连用，与延续性时间状语连用时，将短暂动词die 改为be dead 。
3. My grandpa joined the Party thirty years ago.
My grandpa _________ _________ _________ the Party for thirty years.
【答案】has been in 。短暂动词join ，意为“参加，加入(组织，政党) ”，不能与延续性时间状语连用，与延续性时间状语连用时，将join 改成be in 或be a member in…。
4. I got up half an hour ago.
I _________ _________ up for half an hour.
【答案】have been 。短暂动词get up ，意为“起床”，不能与延续时间状语连用，与延续性时间状语连用时，将get up 改成be up 。
5. Three years has passed since the students came to this school.
The students have _________ _________ this school for three years.
【答案】been in 。与原句意思一致，“学生在这所学校里已3年了”。
同义句变换·利用语态改写
通过改变主语，主动语态与被动语态之间可进行同义句转换，特别要注意时态、情态动词的用法。如：
1. People grow rice in the south of China.
Rice _________ _________ in the south of China.
【答案】is grown 。rice 作主语，助动词用一般现在时的单数形式is 。
2. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should _________ _________ on time.
【答案】be given back 。被动句中含有情态动词should ，因此助动词用be 。
3. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today. Computers _________ widely _________ in the world today.
【答案】are; used 。computers 是复数名词作主语，助动词用are ，且句子用被动语态。
4. We must keep the noise level under 50dbs(分贝).
The noise level must _________ _________ under 50dbs.
【答案】be kept 。被动句中含情态动词must ，因此助动词用be 。
5. Do they grow rice in autumn?
rice in autumn?
【答案】Is; grown 。不可数名词rice 作主语, 助动词用单数is ，一般疑问句的助动词置于句首。
6. We call maths the language of science.
Maths _________ _________ the language of science.
【答案】is called 。主语maths 虽然是以s 结尾，但并不是名词的复数，因此助动词仍用单数is 。
同义句变换·利用反义词改写
用反义词或词组加上否定词表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词、词组的积累和换位思维的能力。如：
1. The boy lent a story-book to Tom just now.
Tom _________ a story-book _________ the boy just now.
【答案】borrowed; from 。borrow…from意为“从„„借来”；而lend…to意为“向……借出”，两个词组正好为一组反义词组，当句子的主语变化时，两个词组可以进行互换。
2. The factory is not far from here. It only takes you ten minutes by bike. The factory is _________here. It’s only ten minutes’_________.
【答案】near; bike-ride 。not far 的意思是“不远，近”，可用形容词near 与之转换。
3. I think music is less interesting than P.E.
I _________think music is _________interesting than P.E.
【答案】don’t; more 。less interesting 的意思是“没有 / 不及„„有趣”，与之相反more interesting 的意思是“(比) „„更有趣”。 语言现象“否定的转移”要求将think 后面宾语从句中的否定形式转移到think 上。
4. The bike under the tree is different from this one.
The bike under the tree isn’t the _________ _________this one.
【答案】same as 。the same as 意为“与„„相同”，而反义词组 be different from 意为“与……不同”。
同义句变换·利用同义词改写
用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意替换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如：
1. They could see icebergs here and there.
They could see icebergs _________.
【答案】everywhere 。everywhere 与here and there 都有“到处”之意。
2. Mrs Green always takes good care of the children in the school.
Mrs Green always _________ _________ the children well in the school.
【答案】looks after 。take good care of 与look after…well都有“好好照顾”之意。
3. Lin Tao is good at physics.
Lin Tao _________ _________ in physics.
【答案】does well 。be good at 与do well in 都有“在„„(方面) 做得好，擅长于……”之意。
4. I like Backstreet Boys. But he likes F4 better.
He _________ F4_________ Backstreet Boys.
【答案】prefers, to 。词组prefer A to B 意为“选择A(而不选择B) ；比起 B 来，更喜欢A ”。
5. Mother is ill. Send for a doctor right away.
Mother is ill. Send for a doctor _________ _________.
【答案】at once 。right away 与at once 都有“马上”之意。
6. They enjoyed themselves at the garden party.
They _________ _________ _________ _________ at the garden party.
【答案】had a good time 。enjoy oneself 同have a good time 都有“玩得很高兴，愉快”之意。
同义句变换备考方略
一、命题特点
同义句改写题是近几年中考的常考题型，通常的出题形式是同时给出两个句子，第一句完整，第二句中设有几处空格，要求考生填入适当的词或词组，使第二句的意思与第一句意思相同。它综合考查考生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。
通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句改写题的分析，我们注意到中考同义句改写题具有以下的命题规律： 一方面，该题型主要考查考生对英语词汇、句型的掌握情况和灵活运用的能力。其特点是涉及面广、语言点多、方式灵活，特别是对语言的准确性要求很高；另一方面，近几年来，随着新课程标准的出台，新教材的广泛使用，比较死的知识点的考查正被逐步淡化，以纯语言知识点进行填词的题目的数量正在减少，而旨在考查考生理解句子意思，实际运用英语能力的题目，比如根据句子意思分析填词这类题所占分值则逐年递增。
二、解题方法
众所周知，掌握良好的解题技巧是走向成功的关键性因素，那么在平时学习和应考过程中我们应特别地注意以下问题：
1. 善于积累和总结所学词汇以及句型结构，并不断进行练习以加强巩固，还要适当地加强对那些根据句子意思转换、同义词或词组转换、固定结构的转换等题型的训练与总结。切忌死记硬背词汇、句型和语法知识点，一定要将基础知识与语意的理解相结合，分析句子结构，灵活运用所掌握的知识技能，这样才能在考试中取得令人满意的成绩。
2. 认真阅读上句，理解句意，这样才好找出与下句对应的关系、对应的词语或句型。填词时一定要注意词形(如时态、单复数、比较等级等) 是否正确，上下两句的意思是否一致、句子结构是否恰当合适、是否满足空格字数的要求等。
句型变换复习·陈述句变感叹句
感叹句通常由what, how 引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what 修饰名词，ho w 修饰形容词、副词或动词。感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
How+形容词+a +名词+其他成分!
How+形容词或副词+其他成分!
What+名词+其他成分!
What+a+形容词+名词+其他成分!
What+形容词+复数名词+其他成分!
What+形容词+不可数名词+其他成分!
把一个陈述句变为感叹句，可用“一断，二加，三换位，四改号”的方法来做。
第一步：“一断”是在谓语后把句子断开。如：
He is / a good student. She works / (very) hard.
第二步：“二加”是在第二部分前加上how 或what 。如：
He is / (what) a good student. She works / (how) (very) hard. 注：如有v ery, too, quite 等词应去掉。
第三步：“三换位”是把第一、二部分交换位置。注意句中有关单词的大小写。如： What a good student he is. How hard she works.
第四步：“四改号”是把原来的句号改为感叹号。如：
What a good student he is! How hard she works!
句型变换复习·主动语态变被动语态
被动语态由“助动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be 的变化上，同时助动词be 还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。在将主动语态变为被动语态时，可按以下三个步骤：a. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。b. 把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词) ，并根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be 的形式。c. 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时，by 短语可以省略。例如：
All the people laughed at him. →He was laughed at by all peopl e.
They make the bikes in the factory. →The bikes are made by them in the facto ry
含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人) 变为主语，直接宾语(指物) 不变；另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物) 变为主语，间接宾语(指人) 不变，这时, 间接宾语前通常加介词to ，有时加for 。例如：
My father gave me a new book on my birthday.
→I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)
→A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be ＋过去分词”构成，原来带t o 的情态动词变成被动语态后，to 仍要保留。例如：
We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
They should do it at once.
→It should be done at once.
句型变换复习·就划线部分提问
1. 对句中的主语或主语的定语部分提问
只把要提问的部分用特殊疑问词who, what, whose, which 等替换下来，原句词序不变即可。例如：
1) draws well. (问人物，主语)
→Who draws well ？
2) The girl is his sister. (问哪一个，定语)
→Which girl is his sister ？
3) classroom is bright. (问物主，定语)
→Whose classroom is bright ？
2. 对表语或表语的定语提问
用特殊疑问词who, whose, what colour, how, how old 等引导，后面加一般疑问句形式。如：
1) My father is a (问职业，表语)
→What is your father? ／What does your father do?
2) The teacher is friend. (问物主，定语)
→Whose friend is the teacher?
3) The book is (问地点，表语)
→Where is the book?
4) He is (问年龄，表语)
→How old is he?
5) It’s (问时间，表语)
→What time is it?
6) He is (问身体状况，表语)
→How is he?
7) Mary’s sweater is (问颜色，表语)
→What colour is Mary’s sweater?
8) It’s today. (问星期几，表语)
→What day is it today?
3. 对宾语或宾语的定语部分提问
用特殊疑问词who(whom), what, which, whose, how many, how much 等引导，后加一般疑问句形式。例如：
1) The nurse is looking after (问人，介宾)
→ Who ／Whom is the nurse looking after?
2) I like the book best. (问哪一个，定语)
→Which book do you like best?
3) They have learned English words. (问多少，定语)
→How many English words have they learned?
4) They had rice for lunch. (问多少，定语)
→How much rice did they have for lunch?
4. 对状语部分提问
用特殊疑问词 when, what time, where, how, why 等引导，后加一般疑问句形式。例如：
1) I often go to school in the morning. (问时间，状语)
→What time do you often go to school in the morning?
2) We have lunch (问地点，状语)
→Where do you have lunch?
3) My sister goes to school (问方式，状语)
→How does your sister go to school?
4) Mary didn’t come to school yesterday (问原因，状语) →Why didn’t Mary come to school yesterday?
注：how long, how soon 和how often 都含有“多久”的意思，都能对时间状语进行提问，应注意其区别：
how long 提问“一段时间”，即对介词短语for... 和since... 提问，可用于一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时等。如：
They stayed there (问多长时间，状语)
→How long did they stay there?
how soon 提问“多久以后”，即表示所间隔的时间段，如介词短语in... 等，常与一般将来时连用，这种情况有时也可用when 提问。如：
He will be back (问多久以后，状语)
→How soon ／When will he be back?
They will finish the work (问多久以后，状语)
→How soon will they finish the work?
how often 提问频度、“多久一次”，即重复动作所发生的时间间隔，不强调次数，常与一般现在时和一般过去时连用。如：
I watch TV (问多久一次，状语)
→How often do you watch TV ？
句型变换复习·肯定句变否定句
1. 谓语动词是be 、have(作“有”讲) ，或谓语动词有助动词、情态动词时，在它们的后面加not 。若句中有some 时，需将some 改为any 。例如：
I have some books on this subject.
→I have not any books on this subject.
He can speak English.
→He cannot speak English.
2. 当谓语动词是行为动词，而句中又没有情态动词或助动词时，需要在谓语动词之前加do not, does not 或did not 来构成否定句。例如：
I know something about it.
→ I don’t know anything about it.
3. 否定由think 、believe 、know 等动词引出的宾语从句时，应将主句改为否定形式。例如：
She knows why the train is late.
→She doesn’t know why the train is late.
4. 祈使句的否定形式是在谓语动词前直接加do not 。例如：
Read in bed.
→Don’t read in bed.
5. 特殊句型：
陈述句中含有had better ，要将其变为否定句时，要把not 加在better 后。例如： You had better go with me.
→You had better no t go with me.
陈述句中含有“both (all) of ＋名词”作主语，要将其改为否定句时，要用neither 来代替both ，none 代替all ，并注意谓语动词数的变化。例如：
Both of them are Americans.
→Neither of them is American.
句型变换复习·陈述句变疑问句
1. 将陈述句改为一般疑问句
1) 若句中有系动词(be)、助动词、情态动词或have (作“有”讲) 时，将其提到主语前，句末用问号。例如：
He is a first-year student.
→Is he a first -year student?
I have a pencil-box.
→Have you a pencil -box?
2) 如果谓语动词是行为动词，则在主语前加Do(Does或Did) ，再将动词还原成原形，在句末加问号。例如：
He does morning exercises every day.
→Dose he do morning exercises every day?
They did some cleaning yesterday.
→Did they do some cleaning yesterday?
2. 将陈述句改为反意疑问句
反意疑问句是在陈述句后边加上一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的内容提出相反的疑问，这种句子就叫做反意疑问句。反意疑问句可以表示真实的疑问，也可以表示提问人的倾向、强调或反问。如果陈述句是肯定句时，后边的反意疑问句通常要用否定式；反之，如果陈述句是否定句时，后边的反意疑问句通常要用肯定式。陈述句和后边的反意疑问句的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要保持一致。例如：
He is a teacher, isn’t he?
He speaks English, do esn’t he?
Mary won’t do it, will she?
回答反意疑问句和回答一般疑问句一样，肯定回答用“Yes, +肯定结构”；否定回答用“No, +否定结构”。这与汉语习惯有所不同，例如：
—He’s a doctor, isn’t he? 他是医生，对吧？
—Yes, he is. 对，他是医生。(No, he isn’t. 不，他不是医生。)
—He isn’t a doc tor, is he? 他不是医生，对吧？
—Yes, he is. 不，他是医生。(No, he isn’t. 对，他不是医生。)
在使用反意疑问句时，特别要注意以下几点：
1. 在动词have 当“有”讲时，可以有两种反意疑问句形式：
He hasn’t any sisters, has h e?
He doesn’t have any sisters, does he?
当have 表示其他含义(如：经历、遭受、得到、吃„„) 讲时，只有一种反意疑问句形式：
You all had a good time, didn’t you?
He often has colds, doesn’t he?
They had milk and bread for breakfast, didn’t th ey?
2. 如果陈述句的谓语动词含有have to, had to 时，反意疑问句通常用其他适当形式： We have to get there at 8 tomorrow morning, don’t we?
They had to take the early train, didn’t they?
3. need 既可以作情态动词，又可以作实意动词，注意有两种反意疑问句形式：
You needn’t hand in your paper today, need you?
You don’t need to hand in your paper today, do you?
4. 如果陈述句的谓语动词含有used to 时，也可以有两种反意疑问句形式：
He used to get up late, usedn’t / didn’t he?
5. 如果陈述句中出现never, seldom, hardly, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing 等含有否定意义的词时，反意疑问句通常要用肯定式，例如：
She seldom goes to the concert, does she?
He hardly writes to you, does he?
He has few good reasons for staying, has he?
You have nothing else to say, have you?
6. 如果陈述句中的主语是不定式短语、动名词短语、从句、everything 或nothing 等时，反意疑问句通常要用it 作主语。例如：
To sell / Selling newspaper was his job, wasn’t it?
What he said is true, isn’t it?
Nothin g can stop us now, can’t it?
Everything is all right, isn’t it?
7. 如果陈述句中的主语是不定代词everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobod y, no one, each of 等时，反意疑问句通常要用they 或he 作主语。例如：
Everyone knows the answer, don’t they / doesn’t he?
Somebody borrowed my bike, didn’t they / he?
Each of them fulfilled his work, didn’t he?
Each of them passed the exam, didn’t they?
No one was hurt, was he?
8. 如果陈述句用“I am ”时，反意疑问句通常要用“aren’t I”。例如：
I’m late, aren’t I?
9. 如果陈述句是含有宾语从句的复合句式，反意疑问句的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要与主句保持一致。例如：
He never said that he would come, did he?
I told that not everyone could do it, didn’t I?
但是，如果陈述句是“I don’t think(believe, suppose, imagine 等) 含有宾语从句的复合句式”，反意疑问句的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要和从句保持一致，并且要用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think she can finish the hard wo rk alone, can she?
I don’t believe he knows it, does he?
10. 如果陈述句是含有“there be ”结构时，反意疑问句要用there ，省去主语代词。例如：
There is something wrong with your computer, isn’t there?
There wouldn’t be any trouble, will there?
肯定句变否定句的基本方法
1. 动词be 的否定式
动词be 根据不同的人称和时态可以有am, is, are, was, were 等不同形式，可用作连系动词(表示“是”、“在”等) 和助动词(用于构成进行时态和被动语态等) ，但不管何种情况，构成否定式时，一律在其后加not ：
I’m old, but you’re young. 我老了，但你还年轻。
→I’m not old, but you’re not young. 我还不老，但你不年轻了。
He was reading and I was writing. 他在读，我在写。
→He was not reading and I was not writing. 他没有在读，我没有在写。
2. 动词have 的否定式
动词have 根据不同的人称和时态可以有have, has, had 等形式，可以用作实意动词和助动词，分以下情况讨论：
1. 用作实意动词表示状态，如表示拥有、患病或用于have to 表示“必须”等，在构成否定式时可以直接在其后加not ，也可根据情况在其前使用don’t, doesn’t, didn’t：
He has a car. 他有辆小汽车。
→He hasn’t a car. / He doesn’t hav e a car. 他没有小汽车。
He had some dictionaries. 他有一些词典。
→He hadn’t any dictionaries. / He didn’t have any dictionaries. 他没有词典。 You have to go with him. 你必须同他一起去。
→You haven’t to go with him. / You don’t have to go with him. 你不必同他一起去。
【注】have to 构成否定式时以在其前加don’t等较为常见。
2. 用作实意动词表示动作，如表示“吃(=eat)”、“喝(=drink)”、“拿(=take)”、“收到(=receive)”、“度过(=spend)”等，构成否定式时不能直接在其后加not ，而应根据情况在其前使用don’t, doesn’t, didn’t：
He had some cake for breakfast. 他早餐吃了些蛋糕。
→He didn’t have any cake for breakfast. 他早餐没有吃蛋糕。(不能用had not) We had a good holiday. 我们的假期过得很愉快。
→We didn’t have a good holiday. 我们的假期过得不愉快。(不能用had not)
3. 用作助动词构成完成时态，其否定式只能在其后加not ：
I have read the book. 我读这本书。
→I have not read the book. 我还没读这本书。
He had left when I arrived. 我到达时他已离开了。
→He hadn’t left when I arrived. 我到达时他还没有离开。
三、情态动词的否定式
情态动词的否定式一般在其后加not 构成：
I can finish the work in an hour. 我能在1小时内完成这工作。
→I can’t finish the work in an hour. 我不能在1小时内完成这工作。
You must go with us. 你必须同我们一起去。
→You mustn’t go with us. 你不能同我们一起去。
We should help them. 我们应该帮助他们。
→We shouldn’t help them. 我们不必帮助他们。
四、实意动词的否定式
一般实意动词的否定式，通常应根据不同时态和人称在实意动词之前加don’t, doesn’t, didn’t等：
He works in a bank. 他在一家银行工作。
→He doesn’t work in a bank. 他不是在银行工作。
We often hear from her. 我们经常收到她的来信。
→We don’t often hear from her. 我们不经常收到她的来信。
I met her at the station. 我在车站见到了她。
→I didn’t meet her at the station. 我在车站没见到她。
肯定句变否定句的三点注意
一、变否定句时相关词的改变
肯定句变否定句时，除将谓语变为否定式外，句中其他词语也可能随之改变，如将so me 改为any ，too 和also 改为either ，already 改为yet ，and 改为or 等：
There are some birds in the tree. 树上有些鸟。
→There aren’t any birds in the tree. 树上没有鸟。
He likes the girl, too. 他也喜欢这个女孩。
→He doesn’t like the girl, either. 他也不喜欢这个女孩。
We have already seen the film. 我们已看过这部电影。
→We have not seen th e film yet. 我们没有看这部电影。
He likes singing and dancing. 他喜欢唱歌和跳舞。
→He doesn’t like singing or dancing. 他不喜欢唱歌也不喜欢跳舞。
二、不变谓语动词而变其他词语
有时将肯定句变为否定句时，不改变谓语而改变其他词语：
Both of us went there. 我们两人都去了那儿。
→Neither of us went there. 我们两人都没去那儿。
Both Jim and Mary can sing this song. 吉姆和玛丽都会唱这首歌。
→Neither Jim nor Mary can sing this song. 吉姆和玛丽都不会唱这首歌。
All of the books are worth reading. 所有这些书都值得读。
→None of the books are worth reading. 所有这些书都不值得读。
三、部分否定与完全否定
比较以下句子：
All of us laughed when we heard it. 听到这事时我们都笑了。(肯定句)
All of us didn’t laughed when we heard it. 听到这事时我们并未都笑。(部分否定) Not all of us laughed when we heard it. 听到这事时我们并未都笑。(部分否定) None of us laughed when we heard it. 听到这事时我们都没笑。(完全否定)
【注】可能涉及部分否定的词语有both, all, always, every 等，即not both 表示“并非两者都”，not all 表示“并非所有的都”，not always 表示“并非总是”，not every 表示“并非每个…都”。
英语常用否定词归纳
除否定词not 可用于构成否定句外，还有其他一些否定词语可以表示否定：
1. 用no 表示。其意为“没有”：
We have no children of our own. 我们没有自己的孩子。
I’ve got no news from him. 我没听到他的消息。
【注】no 后接名词时也可换成not any ：
I have no [not any] friends here. 我在这儿没有朋友。
2. 用never 表示。其意为“从不”：
I have never been there. 我从未去过那儿。
That will never do. 那决不行。
3. 用little, few 表示。little 用于指不可数名词，few 用于指可数名词，均表示“很少”：
There is little time left. 没什么时间了。
Few people like snakes. 很少有人喜欢蛇。
【注】若在其前用不定冠词，则表示肯定意义：
There is a little time left. 还有点点时间。
A few people like snakes. 有少数人喜欢蛇。
4. 用nobody, no one, nothing 表示。nobody 和no one 用于指人，其意为“没有人”；nothing 用于指物，其意为“没有任何东西”：
No one [Nobody] wants to go there. 没有人想去那儿。
She said nothing. 她什么也没说。
5. 用none 表示。意为“没有人或物”：
None of the pupils knew the answer. 学生中谁都不知道答案。
None of this milk can be used. 这牛奶一点都不能用了。
6. 用neither 表示。意为“两者都不”：
I like neither of the books. 这两本书我都不喜欢。
Neither of us enjoy getting up early. 我们俩谁也不喜欢早起。
7. 用seldom 表示。意为“很少”：
The children are seldom ill. 这些孩子很少生病。
It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。
8. 用hardly 表示。意为“几乎不”：
He hardly ever eats meat. 他几乎从不吃肉。
Jim is hardly ever late. 吉姆几乎从不迟到。
9. 用too…to表示。该结构虽不含否定词，但含有否定含义，意为“太…以致不能…”： It is too late to do anything now. 现在要做什么已为时太晚。
I’m too tired to go any farther. 我太累了，走不动了。