大学英语四级选词填空练习 附详细答案

There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .No school I have taught in has ever _____ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. There are, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howmuch _____ it must be given over general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a child to express himself freely and _____ in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become the only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a __4__child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid __5__ language. That’s why teachers often __6__ the early use ofdictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing abouta personal experience ：“ This work is __7__ !There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible( 难以辨认的 ).” It may have been a sharP__8__ of the pupil’stechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omittedto read the essay, which __9__ some beautiful expressions of the child’s deePfeelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would havegiven the pupil more __10__ to seek improvement.

A)priority B)criticism C)contained D)clearlyE)adventurous F ） discourage

G)motivation H)terribleI)ignored J)difficult K)encourage L)expressedM)confidently N)bright O)motive L)expressed

Answers:

1. 选 I ）。 由该句中的 has 可知，此处应填动词过去式，且表达的含义应和后面的 consider…unimportant 相近，故应排除 contained 和 expressed 而选择 ignored 。

2. 选 A ）。 此处应填名词，但能与后面 over 构成固定搭配的名词只有 priority ，故排除 了 criticism 和 motivation 。

3. 选 M). 由空格前面的 and 可知，此处应填副词和 freely 并列。从句意来理解，在没有拼写困难的情况下，怎样鼓励学生自由且 …… 地表达自己，选项中只有 confidently “自信地“符合题意。

4. 选 N ）。 很明显这里应填形容词，选项中 terrible ， difficult 后接事物名词 something ，只有 adventurous 和 bright 可用来形容 somebody （ child )，再由后面的play safe“不冒险”，可排除adventurous 而选择bright 。

5. 选 E ）。 由前一句中的 be likely to “ play safe ”和空格前的 avoid 可以推知，此处所填词的意思应与play safe表达的意思相反，故选项中只有adventurous 符合题意。

6. 选 K ）。 很明显此处应填动词的一般现在时，可选项有 encourage 和 persuade 。由 That’s why 知本句与前一句构成因果关系，而前一句说的是学生往往会用他们拼写范围内的词写文章，从而选择避免用那些不会的词，故由此可推知此句应理解为老师鼓励学生用字典，因此排除 persuade 而选encourage 。

7. 选 H ）。 此处应填形容词。由空格后面的 too many spelling errors和illegible 可知，这篇文章是写的很糟，而不是很难理解。故排除difficult 而选terrible 。

8. 选 B ）。 此处应填名词。由后半句中 a sad reflection on the teacher可知，前半句是在指责学生，故选项中只有criticism 符合题意。

9. 选 C ）。 此处填动词过去式，本句中由 which 引导的从句是对 essay 的解释，剩余选项中 contained 和 expressed ，根据句意，文章 …… 儿童内心感受的一些好的表达，

故只有 contained 符合题意。

10. 选 G ）。 此处应填名词。根据句意，如果老师更注重学生思想的表达的话，会给学生更大的动力去寻求提高；故排除 motive “动机，原因”而选 motivation 。

As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.

If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.

In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.

[A]compare

[B]responsible

[C]useful

[D]added

[E]find

[F]reference

[G]indirect

[H]method

[I]successful

[J]combined

[K]Necessarily

[L]capacity

[M]ability

[N]Basically

[O]adopt

Answers:

1. 选B 此处应填形容词。原文意思为“会计部门... 计算报酬”，选项中的形容词responsible“负责任的”，useful“有用的”，indirect“间接的”，successful“成功的”，其中indirect 不能与for 连用，排除；剩余几项中只有B ）responsible 意义符合原句，其他均不符合，故排除。

2. 选O 此处应填动词原形。本文主题就是采用一种新的工资和薪水制度时需要注意的

问题，选项中的动词原形有compare“比较”，find“找到”，adopt“采纳”，分别带入原文，只有adopt 最符合原文意思，故选O).

3. 选H 此处应填名词。从原文看，and 连接并列结构，所以要填的词应与and 后面的ways 意思一致，选项中的名词只有mathod = ways，故选H ）method 。

4. 选I 此处应填形容词。上文说新的工资制度需要一套决定工作评估和衡量雇员表现的方法，说的是制度“是否有用”的问题。这句说的时新的工资制度执行过程中的问题，劳资双方先期达成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要条件。形容词useful 和successful ，I ）seccessful 更符合原文意思。

5. 选D 此处应填动词。这个动词的宾语是poin t“分值”，把分值... 起来to give a total value"得出总分值" ，选项中有added 和combined ，前者指“把... 相加”，后者意为“把... 结合在一起”，原文指将分值相加得出总分，故D ）added 最符合文意。

6. 选M 此处应填名词。首先solve problem“解决问题”是经理们应具备的能力，选项中的capacity 与ability 都可以表示“能力”；前者强调的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力，而后者强调实际应用的能力，故不难判断解决问题的能力应该用M ）ability 。

7. 选F 此处应填名词。前半句指出“因为管理工作很难评估，经理的工作得分不需要参照基于分值的评估系统决定。”without reference to为固定搭配，意思是“与... 无关”。故选F ）reference 。

8. 选A 此处应填动词原形。原句中出现了the value of each job“每种工作的价值”和these in the job market“工作市场上的（工作价值）”，说明人事部门通过比较两种价值来计算工资制度。选项中只有compare 表示“比较”，所以A ）正确。

9. 选K 此处应填副词，修饰整句话。“报酬要随工作表现各方面的不同而有所改变”，选项中Necessarily“必须地”与Basically“基本地”为副词，分别带入原文，“报酬... 的变化是必须的”更符合上下文意思，故排除N), 选K) 。

10. 选G 此处应填形容词。前文中提到一种情况即simple to measure the work done"易于评估的工作" ，通常用现金奖励办法；而...measurement is difficult“难于评估的”，说明这些工作人员的工作不像手工工作那么直接，因而是间接的，故选项中只有G ）indirect 符合原句的意思。

Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always __1__ such people, but I also explain that there’sa big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of __2__ and fame, notthe long hours alone at a typewriter. "You’ve got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."The reality is that writing is a __3__, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there arethousands more whose longing is never __4__. When I left a 20-year career in the US. Coast Guard to become a freelancewriter(自由撰稿人), I had no __5__ at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn’t even matter that it was __6__and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and feltlike a __7__ writer.After a year or so, however, I still hadn’t gotten a break and began to __8__ myself. It was so hard to sell a storythat __9__ made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn’t going to be one ofthose people who die wondering, what if? I would keeo putting my dream to the test----even though it meant living with __10__and fear of failure. This is the Shadow land of hope, and anyone with a dream learn to live there.A) barely B) genuine C)

rewarded D) doubtE) lonely F) poverty G) persuade H) prospectsI) uncertainty J)impossibly K) encourage L)awardedM) alone N)wealth O)cold

Answers:1.选K) 。 此处应填动词的原形。可选项有doubt, persuade, encourage, 但由always 推知，作者是在鼓励那些想要成为作家的人，而不是怀疑也不是说服，故排除doubt 和persuade 而选encourage 。

2. 选N) 。由空格后的fame 可知，此处应填名词。可选项有prospects 和wealth ，但由dreaming of 与第二段中The reality is... poor-paying可推知，那些想当作家的人梦想的是金钱和名誉，而不是前途，故排除prospects 而选wealth 。

3. 选E) 。此处应填形容词，private, poor-paying一起修饰affair 。选项中有lonely 和alone, 能修饰affair 的只有lonely,alone 表示“孤独的”时，通常作表语，故排除alone 而选lonely 。

4. 选C) 。此处应填动词的被动形式。可选项有rewarded 和awarded, 前者可表示“（为所希望的举动得到的）回报”，后者作动词时表示“颁发，授予”，故只有rewarded 符合题意而排除awarded 。

5. 选H) 。此处应填名词。“当我辞别了我在美国海岸警卫队20年工作成为一个自由撰稿人时，没有任何...... 可言”，可选项有prospects 和wealth ，但wealth 一般指抽象意义上的“金钱”，因此排除wealth 而选prospects“前途”。

6. 选O) 。it 指代的是apartment building，从had no bathroom可知这个公寓条件很差，选项中只有cold 能说明公寓的条件差，故选择O)cold 。

7. 选B) 。“我马上买了一台旧的手动打字机，感觉自己就好像是一个...... 的作家”，由前面提到的to become a freelance writer可推知，此处作者是想成为一个真正的作家，故选项中只有genuine“真正的”符合题意。

8. 选D) 。由空格前的to 可知，此处应填动词的原形。可选项有doubt,persuade,encourage, 但由still hadn’t gotten a break"在写作上还没有任何进展”，所以此处应理解为他开始怀疑自己的选择是否正确，故doubt 符合文意。

9. 选A) 。that 从句结构完整，后面有made ，故此处应填副词。可选项有barely 和impossibly ，因that 引导的从句是对story 的解释，再由hard 一词可推知，此处应填的副词应表达肯定的意思，故排除impossibly 而选barely“仅仅，刚刚”。

10. 选I) 。由空格后的and 可知，此处应填名词。由fear of failure 可知，所填词应表示不好的境遇，可选项有poverty 和uncertainty; 又由fear 可推知，此处强调的是生活的变化无常，而不是生活的贫困，故选uncertainty 。

Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several __1__ parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural __2__. Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to __3__ to "England" because their inhabitants are not __4__ "English". They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which in turn is __5__ to the others.

These cultural minorities(少数民族) have been Britain’s original inhabitants. In varying degrees they have managed to __6__ their national characteristics, and their particular customs and way of life. This is probably even more ture of the __7__ areas where traditional ife has not been so affected by the __8__ of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are

said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots could rather __9__ about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic __10__ as a whole produces humorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Burns, and the Welsh Dylan Thomas, to mention but a few.

[A]incomprehensible

[B]temper

[C]remote

[D]separate

[E]understandable

[F]forget

[G]generally

[H]temperament

[I]preserve

[J]strictly

[K]traditional

[L]reserve

[M]growth

[N]apply

[O]belong

Answers:

1. 选 D 此处应填形容词，修饰名词parts 。文章首句即提出观点Britain is not just one country and one people“英国不只是一个国家和一个民族”，又从后文的invided into, each part以及Individual country可知英国被分成几个分离的部分，选项中只有separate 表达了这个意思，故D ）正确。

2. 选 K 此处应填名词。选项中有四个词temper, temperament, traditions和growth, 语言等是一个民族的文化传统，故这里应该填K ）traditions ，其他几个名词不符合上下文。

3. 选 O 此处应填动词原形。前文中说明英国被分成独立的几部分，各自保存自己的文化传统；后文中because... 说明苏格兰、北爱尔兰以及威尔士的居民不承认自己是“English”，说明他们并不承认自己属于“England”，故这里应该选择O ）belong 。apply 也可以和to 连用，但apply to表示“将... 应用于”，不符合上下文意思。

4. 选 J 此处应填形容词或副词。选项中的副词有generally 和strictly ，文中要表达的意思是因为这几个部分都有自己的语言和文化传统，所以严格来说，他们不是“English”，但他们都属于English 。故J ）strictly 符合文意。generally“一般地，大体地”放在原文意义上不够严谨。三个形容词不能使语义通顺。

5. 选 A 从前文中prefer to speak their own native tongue即苏格兰语、苏格兰语和威尔士语，那么这些语言对the others（见注释1）来说是陌生的，听不懂的。那么就不难从选项中的incomprehensible 和understandable 中选择前者，故A ）incomprehensible“不能理解的”正确。

6. 选 I 由manage to 结构可知此处要填的是动词原形。选项中的动词原形还有forget ，preserve 和reserve 。从下文中traditional life has not been so affected,可知他们成功地保存了自己的传统，排除forget ；reserve 和presserve 都有“保存”的意思，前者指存留起来以派别的用

场，后者指想办法保持原样，强调抵制破坏因素，故I ）preserve 符合文意。

7. 选 C 此处应填形容词。从后文where traditional life has not been so affected by the ... of industrialis" 人们的传统生活受工业化... 的影响没有那么大的地方" 可以推知，这些地方是比较偏远的地方，选项中的C ）remote“偏僻的，遥远的”符合上下文意思。

8. 选 Mborder area“边界地区”的工业化发展的比remote area要快，所以此处要填的词是表示上升、增长的词，表示工业化的发展，选项M ）growth“增长，发展”符合上下文意思。

9. 选 Fwould rather和prefer 意思相同，后面是宁愿让人记住他们的好的东西：民歌，舞蹈等。前面说的是过分节俭的坏名声，所以填入动词的意思应该与remember 意思相反，选项中的F ）forget 符合上下文意思。

10. 选H 此处应填名词。选项中的名词还有temper 和temperament 。前者指脾气，指情绪上的主要特征，后者指特征、气质，尤指带感******彩的个性和在社交上的个性。这里指的是整个凯尔特民族的特征，故H ）temperament 正确。

The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens （雅典)in 1896and only twelve nations participated. Besides the host nationman participants were tourists who __1__ to be in Greece atthe time. Though the whole affair was __2__ and the standardwas not high, the old principle of amateur sport was kept up.Since then the games had been held every four yearsexcept during the __3__ of the two World War. This was __4__ adeparture from the old Olympic spirit when wars had to stoPandmake way for the games.The games have grown enormously in scale and __5__performances have now reached unprecedented heights.Unfortunately the same cannot be said about their __6__ standard.Instead of Olympia, the modern games are now held in differentcities all over the world. Inevitably politics and commercialismget involvedas countries vie each other for(为 ...... 而互相竞争) the __7__ to hold the games because of the politicalprestige and commercial profit to be __8__ out of them. Inthe 11 th games held in Berlin in 1936, Hitler who had newlycome to __9__ in Germany tried to use the occasion for hisNazi propaganda. For the first time the Olympic flame wasbrought all the way from Olympia to the games site in relays,a marathon journey now often taking months to __10__.A) honour B) accomplish C) had D) moralE) arrive F) occured G) end H) power I) happened J) definitely K) Physical L) informalM) interruption N) especially O) irregular

ANSWERS :

1. 选I 空格中要填词为who 引导的定语从句中的谓语动词，可知此处应填动词的过去式。可选项有had, occurred 和happened, 首先空格所在的who 引导的定语从句修饰的是tourists“游客”，happened to be in Greece“碰巧在希腊”是符合这样的语境的，而had to “不得不”和occur to表示“想起，想到”都不能使句意通顺。

2. 选L and 引导两个意思相近的并列结构，由the standard was not high“标准不高”可知，此处要填的是和not high语气一致的形容词，再由前两句可知，参赛的国家很少并且有很多很多游客参加了比赛，这说明这次比赛没有那么正式，选项中只有informal 符合题意。选项irregular 则一般表示“（形状）不规则的，（安排）无规律的”，与句意不符，故排除。

3. 选M 从句中的except 可知在两次世界大战中没有比赛，说明的是奥运会因战争而中断。选项中有end 和interruption 可表示停止，end“终断”，表示某事中断后不再继续，interruption“中断”，表示某事中断后仍然继续，故选择interruption 。

4. 选J 本句主系表结构完整，由此可知，此处应填副词，修饰整个句子。选项中有definitely 和especially ，从句意来理解，这...... 违背了古老的奥林匹克精神，将definitely“显然地”带入原文，符合原文的意思；而especially“特别地”表示强调，而此处表示的则是通过比较后得出结果，故排除especially 。

5. 选K 奥林匹克比赛中的两个最重要的方面就是竞技水平和运动精神，由grown enormously in scale 可知，现在参加奥林匹克运动会规模渐大，运动员逐渐增多，因此应理解为体育竞技水平达到了前所未有的高度，因此应选physical 。

6. 选D 此处应填形容词。由Unfortunately 和because of the political prestige and commercial profit可推出，不幸的是各国竞争举办奥运的目的是为了政治威望与利益，可见此处说明的是与体育成绩相对应的运动会的道德水准没有得到相应的提高，选项中只有moral 符合题意。

7. 选A 此处应填名词。各国争夺举办奥运会，to hold the games 是一种实力象征，也是一种荣耀。选项中有honour 和power 可选，power 一般指“（个人或团体所掌握或获得的）职权”，故排除power 而选honour“荣幸”。

8. 选C 此处应填动词的被动形式，这里考查的是动词have 的一个搭配用法即have something out of something“从...... 中得到......”，故这里选这C ）had, 表示“举办奥运会带来的政治威望和商业利润。”

9. 选H cme to power是固定搭配，意为“（开始）掌权，上台”。

10. 选B 此处应填动词的原形。可选项有accomplish,arrive 和end,arrive 一般指“到达（某地）”，end 强调的是“（使某事）结束”，因此都不能与journey 搭配，故排除arrive 和end 而选accomplish“完成”。

Nowadays, is it possible to tell a person’s class just by looking at him? Physical details __1__ tell us about health, diet and type of work done. A hundred years ago the working class very often lookd unhealthy, small and were either too thin or too fat. The upper classes were often __2__, sporting types who were used to a good diet and looked healthy. Today living and working conditions have improved, and such __3__ would no longer be so true.The clothes people choose to wear, however, do provide information about their __4__. The most obvious way in which is for the amount of money spent on them. Expensive clothes look expensive and show their wearer had money. Clothes can provide other __5__ as well. The upper classes __6__ to be less interested in fashion and wear good quality clothes in non-bright colours, made of natural material like wool, leather or cotton. Lower working class people often choose clothes in bright colours, made of man-made material. A sociological explanation for this would be that color and interest are mssing from their lives, and therefore any opportunity to introduce this is __7__.Clothes are __8__ at a price within most people’s reach. New clothes make the wearer feel good, and show some __9__ of wealth to the outside world. Today some new fashions are started by the lower working class people who want to look __10__ and feel important. They want people to look at them.A) available B) background C) different D) tallE) totally F) taken G) descriptions H) degreeI) clues J) alone K) appear L) considerM) full N) hobby O)fetched

ANSWER:1.选J) 。此处应填副词。可选项有totally 和alone ，由前一句中just 可推出，外表上的细节仅仅能告诉我们这个人的健康状况，平时的营养状况以及他所从事的工作而不能看

出他所处的阶级，故排除totally 而选alone“惟一”。

2. 选D) 。此处应填形容词。因此此句和前一句是在将以前的工人阶级和上层阶级的身体状况进行对比，故此处应填与small“矮的”意思相反的词，选项中只有tall 符合题意。而full“丰满的”不能用来修饰sporting types,故排除。

3. 选G) 。此处应填名词。现在的生活和工作条件改善了，情况已经不同了。而such 指代的是上文中对一百年以前工人阶级和上层阶级的身体状况的身体状况的描述，故descriptions“描述”符合题意。

4. 选B) 。此处应填名词。根据句意“衣服可以提供... 方面的信息”，选项中有background 和hobby ，选background“人的背景，社会阶层”，符合文章主题。

5. 选I) 。由as well 可知，此处应填名词且与本段首句中的informaiton 的意思相近，选项中只有clues“线索”符合题意。

6. 选K) 。此处应填动词的原形。选项中有appear 和consider,appear 可直接接不定式；而consider 带不定式的复合结构，用于主动语态时，consider 后面得接宾语，故选appear 。7选F) 。这句中this 指代bright colour ，句子主干是any opportunity is... 。可选项有taken 和fetched,take“抓住”则可以与opportunity 搭配，但fetc h“拿来”不能与opportunity 构成动宾搭配，故排除fetched 而选taken 。

8. 选A) 。此处应填形容词。句子意思是“衣服的价钱...... ，大多数人都买得起。”选项中只有available“可以接受的”符合题意。

9. 选H) 。此处应填名词。由a price within most people’s reach可推出，此处新衣服向外界显示的是穿衣者的富裕程度，故选择degree“程度”。

10. 选C) 。此处应填形容词。由new fashions和feel important可推出工人阶级想通过穿衣来改变他们，而选项中只有different“与众不同的”符合此意，故选择C) 。

The typical pre-industrial family not only had a good many children, but numerous other dependents as well---grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousions. Such "extended" families were suited for survival in slow paced __1__ societies. But such families are hard to __2__. They are immobile. Industrialism demanded masses of workers ready and able to move off the land in pursuit of jobs, and to move again whenever necessary. Thus the extended family __3__ shed its excess weight and the so-called "nuclear" family emerged---a stripped-down, portable family unit __4__ only of parents and a small set of children. This new style family, far more __5__ than the traditional extended family, became the standard model in all the industrial counties. Super-industrialism, however, the next stage of eco-technological development, __6__ even higher mobility. Thus we may expect many among the people of the future to carry the streamlinling process, a stePfurther by remaining children, cutting the family down to its more __7__ components, aman and a woman. Two people, perhaps with matched careers, will prove more efficient at navigating through education and social status, through job changes and geographic relocations, than teh ordinarily child-cluttered family.A __8__ may be the postponement of children, rather than childlessness. Men and women today are often torn in __9__ between a commitment to career and a commitment to children. In the future, many __10__ will sidestePthis problem by deferring the entire task of raising children until after retirement.A)transplant B)solution C)gadually D)transportE)elemental F)conflict G)continually H)mobileI)couples J)agricultural )including L)compromiseM)requires N)primary O)consisting

ANSWER:

1. 选J ）。此处应填形容词，修饰名次societies 。文章第一句就说The typical pre-industrial family...“工业化之前的典型家庭模式......”， 即“extended" family存在于工业化之前的社会，即agricultural society。故J ）正确。选项中的primary”最初的，原始的“不符合原文意思。

2. 选A ）。由be hard to do sth.可知，此处应填动词原形。They are immobile“这样的家庭很难流动”，这说明这样的家庭are hard to...，选项中由transplant 和transport 两个动词原形，前者指的是“迁居，迁移”，后者指的是运输，不难推断前者符合原文意思，故A ）transplant 正确。3. 选C ）。因为这句话的句子结构完整，固此处应填副词。选项中的副词有gradually 和continually, 原文中...and the so-called "nuclear" family emerged.所谓的“核心家庭”便出现了“，emerge 的意思是“浮现" ，强调经过一个过程后出现的。由此可以判断，这句话坏死说明核心家庭从无到有逐渐出现，而不是连续不断地出现，故选择C)gradually>

4. 选O ）。该句可拆分理解，即a family unit... of parents and a smell set of children "一个家庭单元...... 父母和不多的孩子“，由此可以推出这里要填的词是表示”包含，由...... 组成“的。选项中的including 和consisting 均可以表示此意，但由原文中的of 可排除including,consist of为固定刺诸，故O ）为正确答案。

5. 选H ）。从原文中的more...than 可知，此处应填形容词，构成形容词的比较级结构。由第一段最后一句可知the traditional extended family 是immobile, 那么新型的家庭模式比旧的因该是更有流动性，故应选H ）mobile ，说明新型的家庭模式的优点。

6. 选M ）。此处应填动词，作这句话的谓语。Super-industrialism“(更发达的) 超级工业化”......更具流动性的家庭。可推知空格处应填表示“需要，需求”的词。requires 表示出自一种迫切的需要而提出的要求，很明显选择M)requires 。

7. 选E ）。此处应填形容词，用来修饰名词components 。文中说明家庭被减缩到最...... 的成员，即由男人和女人组成，男人和女人是一个家庭最基本的成员。选项中的E ）elemental“基本的，本质的”，而N ）primary“主要的，最早的”，原文强调的是男人和女人是一个家庭最basic 的组成部分，故E ）更符合原文意思。

8. 选l ）。此处应填名词。上段说两人家庭的优点，本句中提到rather than childlessness“而不是不要孩子”，说明晚要孩子是解决工作和孩子的折中的办法，故选项中的L ）compromise“妥协，折中”符合文意。而solution 虽然也表示解决办法，但不能表达夫妇们无可奈何的心情，故排除。

9. 选F ）。上题中已提到工作和要孩子之间存在矛盾即conflict ，根据上下文意思，这个题相对容易。

10. 选I ）。这段一直在说一个家庭里男人和女人因为工作和要孩子的事情发生争吵，那么将来要解决这个问题的仍然是家庭中的夫妻两人，故这里应填I ）couples 。

As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. But relaxation is __1__ for a healthy mind and body.

Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to __2__ it. In fact, it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of __3__ that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.

The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some peoplw are not afraid of stress, and such __4__ are obviously prime material for managerial

responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first sight of __5__ difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both physically and __6__. In fact we make choice between "flight or fight" and in more __7__ days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same __8__. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued __9__ to stress, that health becomes endangered. Since we cannot __10__ stress from our lives it would be unwise to do so even if we could, we need to find ways to deal with it.

A)exposure B)characters C)answer D)chemically

E)avoid F)psychologically G)primitive H)transfer

I)unusual J)control K)remove L)escape

M)response N)backward O)essential

ANSWER:

1. 选O 此处应填形容词。前文中说人们正在失去放松的休闲方式，But 转折表明作者对relaxation 的重视态度，只有essential“必须的，重要的”符合文意。

2. 选E 此处应填动词。前句说Stress is a natural part of everyday life“压力是日常生活中很自然的一部分”，说明人们不能避免压力。选项中只有avoid 的意思为“避免，消除”，故E ）avoid 正确。

3. 选J 此处应填名词。前面说有压力并不是坏事，适当的压力能给人以动力，能赋予人生活的意义。只有在什么时候，压力才会导致人们表现不佳，身体不好。根据上下文可知get out of control“压力失控”的时候，才会有不好的结果，故选J ）control 。

4. 选B 此处应填名词。前句中not afraid of stress“不怕压力”是一些人的性格特点，选项中可以表示人的性格特点的词只有characters ，故选B ）。

5. 选I 此处应填形容词，修饰名词difficulties 。一些人遇到...... 的困难就灰心丧气，选项中的形容词中，unusual“不同寻常的”可以说明困难的程度，故选择I ）。

6. 选F 此处应填副词，与physically 相对应，在此physically 作为“身体上的”解释。选项中的副词有chemical ly“化学地”和psychologically“精神地”，很明显两个副词中选择F ）psychologically 。

7. 选G 此处应填形容词，修饰名词days 。...days 与后文中的today 相对应，形成对比。选项中的是primitive ，即将人类的早期和人类的今天做比较 ，故选G ）。而N ）backward 说明的是社会发展的状态，不符合原文意思。

8. 选M 此处填名词。前句说，在人类的早期，选择不同就意味着生与死的差别；而现在人们碰到的危机不可能那样极端。后面but 转折，说明了不管是压力的大小，人们都是在“避免”和“战斗”之间选择，下句中的such a reaction也可以说明人们对压力的反应是一样的，选项中的名词answer 和response 中，M ）response=reaction符合文意。

9. 选A 根据上题，这种反应长时间持续的原因就是长时间的面对压力，选项中的exposure“暴露的状态，受影响”符合上下文意思，故选择A ）exposure 。

10. 选K 此处要填动词原形，和from 构成动介搭配。人们应想办法应对压力，而不是将它...... 出人们的生活。选项中的transfer 表示“转移”不符合原文意思；remove“移动，移除”可以和from 连用，表示“除掉，移开”，符合原文意思，故选K ）。

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激 ) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.

In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid

E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary

I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve

M)challenging N)restore O)excellent

Answers:

1. 选 L 第一段主要提出了行为学家和认知派研究专家对于额外奖励的不同看法，因此可以推出此处应填与 destroy 意思相反的动词，可选项由 improve 和 aid ，但能与 performance 构成动宾搭配的只有 improve ，故排除 aid 。

2. 选 I 由空格后的 and gift 可知此处应填名词。认知派研究专家认为，由于奖励助长了人们期望从别人那得到 …… 和物质奖励的心理，而往往会破坏创造力，因此，选项中只有 approval “认同”符合题意。

3. 选 F 此处应填副词。可选项有 generally 和 especially ，但从文章后面所举的例子来理解，此处是为了突出强调教育家支持认知派研究专家的看法，因此只有 especially “尤其，特别”符合题意。

4. 选 J 此处应填形容词。由 But 转折可知此句表明的观点与认知派研究专家 who study various aspects of mental life 的观点“物质奖励有害”相反，因此可以推出此处应填的形容词是表示“物质奖励”的意思的词，选项中只有 monetary 符合题意。

5. 选 G 此处应填动词。由 But 转折可知，此举表明的观点与前者即行为学家所持的观点一致，原文为“适当地给予奖励刺激确实 …… 创造力”，选项中只有 aid “有助于（刺激）”符合题意。

6. 选 M 此处应填形容词。从原文来看，如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力，并能专注于相对 …… 的任务，他们就会表现出很大的创造力，因此只有 challenging 符合

题意。

7. 选 C 由 it its easy to do 结构可知，此处应填动词。由此句中 But 转折与前一句中 show the most creativity 可以推出，此处应填的词应与 show he most 表达的意思相反，且与 destroy 意思相近，故选项中只有 kill 符合题意。

8. 选 H 此处应填形容词。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此处应填的词应与 high 形成对比，故只有 ordinary 符合。

9. 选 N 由空格前的 and 可知，此处应填动词。可选项有 avoid 和 restore ，但由 tighten 可推出，既然是使平分标准严格，那么就会有高分和低分，也会有不及格，故只有 restore “恢复”符合题意。 avoid “避免（不及格）”不符合原文意思。

10. 选 B 很明显此处应填名词。原文为“实行所谓象征性奖励，在努力提高学生创造力方面有 …… ，”可选项有 promise 和 hope ，而 hope 是一般人主观的愿望，希望，但此处强调的是“ …… 有实现的可能性，有前景”，故排除 hope 而选 promise 。

Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States?

Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian （百姓的） clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity（身份） than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.

Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least.

[A]skill

[B]popular

[C]get

[D]change

[E]similarly

[F]professional

[G]character

[H]individuality

[I]inspire

[J]differently

[K]expect

[L]practical

[M]recall

[N]lose

[O]ordinary

ANSWERS:

1. 选B 从文章的第一句they love and respect few thins more than a uniform“他们又无比热爱和崇尚制服”，说明了制服在美国很受欢迎。因此选项B)popular 符合原文意思。选项中的professional“职业的”、practical“实用的”和ordinary“普通的，平常的”都不符合第一段的意思。

2. 选F 此处应填形容词。从more...than civilian clothes可知，此处要填的形容词意思与civilian 相对，说明制服的特点。选项中的形容词中只有professional“职业的”和civilian 相对的，故F ）正确。而pratical“实用的”和ordinary“平常的”意思都不能和civilian 对应，故排除。

3. 选K 由be conditioned to do sth.“习惯于”可知，此处应填动词原形。从前面的look more“看起来更...”和后面的tend to“倾向于”可知，这段要说明的是人们的主观印象，应填入表示“期望（得到）”的单词，只有K ）expect 符合原文语气。选项中get“得到”与上下文的语气不符合。

4. 选I 此处应填动词原形。从原文中“人们习惯... 从穿制服的人那儿得到优质服务。”可知，人们更信任穿制服的人，即制服能使人产生信任感。选项中的动词原形中只有inspire“使产生”符合文章。

5. 选A 此处应填名词。前面两句表达了人们对穿制服的人更加信任的意思，那么对于garage mechanic“汽车修理工”来说，人们信任的是它的技术，而不是人品，故选项中只有A ）skill 符合原文意思。

6. 选N 此处应填动词。...step out of uniform“脱掉制服”是对护士、警察等来说是...... 职业身份的很简单的方式。脱下制服就是失去了职业身份，由此可以推知此处应填N ）lose 。

7. 选L 此处应填形容词，说明制服的其他有点。从下文“...节省购买其他衣服的开销，节省洗衣费用，比便服更舒适也更耐穿”可知，制服除了增加信任感还有实际的优点。选项中的pratical“实用的”和ordinary“平常的”，很明显L ）pratical 符合原文意思。

8. 选H 此处应填名词。文章手段就说“美国人为自己的多元化和个性化感到高傲无比，然而他们又无比热爱和崇尚制服”，其中包含制服使他们失去自己的个性的意思，那么联系

第一段，此处指出的制服的缺点即为失去个性，故选项H ）individuality 正确。individuality 强调与他人特点的区别，而character 指的是个人特定的内在本质。

9. 选D 此处应填名词。前面说制服让人失去了个性，虽然有很多种制服，但穿上制服的人直至退休都是那件制服，所有是没有变化的，故此处应填change ，故D ）正确。

10. 选E 此处应填副词，修饰动词act 。前面指出...look alike,they tend to...，说明此处填的词和alike 意思相近。选项种副词有similarly 和differently ，很明显，E ）similarly 与alike 意思相近，故选E ）。