定语从句用法
定语从句用法
A. 基本定义:
1) 定语从句:由一个句子在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,这个句子就叫定语从句。
2)先行词:被修饰的名词, 词组或代词叫先行词。
3)关系词:定语从句通常由一个词来引导,这个词叫关系词(关系代词或关系副词)。
关系词的意思就等于先行词。
4)关系词的分类:主要关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which,as 等。 主要关系副词有:when, where, why等。
B .关系代词引导的定语从句:
当先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词时,从句用关系代词引导,关系代词在句中可以担任主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 Is this the man that you served? 1)先行词是人用who, whom, that, 它们在从句中可以做主语,宾语或表语 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(作主语) He is the man(whom/ who/ that)I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 (whom/that在从句中作宾语,可省略)
注意: 关系代词在从句中做宾语可以省略。
She is the girl met me yesterday.
She is the girlI met yesterday.
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), They ran over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
This is the girl whose father is a famous writer.
3)先行词是事或者物的时用which, that,在从句中可作主语、宾语等.
你拿的包将要被送给你的妈妈。( which / that在句中作宾语 )
C. 关系副词引导的定语从句
先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词时,定语从句分别用关系副词when, where, why 来引导。 注意: 1) 关系副词when, where, why的相当于" 介词+ which"结构,因此常和" 介词+ which"结构交替使用,when=in/on which where=in/at which why=for which There are some times when (on which) we are puzzled.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2) 只有当关系词在定语从句做状语时,才可以用关系副词。如果作宾语就必须用关系代词。
特殊用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that ,不用which 。
例如: All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等
词修饰,关系代词常用that, 不用which, who,或whom 。
例如: This is my first time that I have seen her.
That is the most expensive dress that she has ever bought.
(3) 非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that, 即使作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如: The boy, who is good at soccer, comes from Xinjiang.
That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.
(4) which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,例如:
He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who 。 This is the class which won the first prize.
This is the class who come from Sichuan.
(6) 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that 。例如: The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(8) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom. Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3. " 介词+关系代词" 的结构 (很常用)
(1) "介词+关系代词" 可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。" 介词+关系代词" 结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词后面只可用whom 或 which, 不可用 that 。 例: Is that the house in which you live? =Is that the house that you live in?
(2) 像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如: This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who 在从句中作主语,不能省去。) The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom 在从句中作with 的宾语) I was the only person in our office who was invited
This is the best film that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner (that ) he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一外国人。 He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.
他数学考试没有及格,这使他的父亲很生气。
补充练习: 单项选择
1. This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday.
A. that B. who C. whom D. this
2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.
A. whom B. which C. who D. /
3. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.
A. which B. that C. / D. it
4. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.
A. which B. in which C. that D. all
5. _____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.
A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who
6. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. this
7. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.
A. who B. whom C. which D. /
8. This is the only article of these that _____ written by him.
A. was B. were C. is D. are
9. The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.
A. whom B. who C. / D. he
10. The boy _____ has two lovely dogs.
A. who live next door B. which lives next door
C. whom lives next door D. that lives next door
11. Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.
A. which B. whom C. that D. who
12. Don’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____.
A. /, to B. that, / C. where, to D. which, there
13. He is the most careful boy _____ I know.
A. what B. which C. as D. ./
14. This is the school _____ Mr. Smith once taught.
A. in that B. when C. where D. there
15. Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?
A. where B. in that C. that D. which
16. The factory _____ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
17. Do you still remember the day _____ we first met?
A. that B. when C. what D. on that
18. October 1, 1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget.
A. when B. that C. where D. in which
19. October 1,1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
A. which B. when C. where D. in which
20. Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing?
A. which B. where C. in which D. wh