动名词(高中)

非谓语动词——动名词

动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加-ing 构成，与现在分词同形。动名词兼有动词和名词的特征和作用，其动词特征表现在可以带宾语、状语或表语。此外，动名词的动词特征还表现在它的语态和时态变化。动名词的名词特征主要表现在它在句中可以充当主语或宾语等，还可以受形容词、代词和名词的修饰，名词化的动名词前面也可以加冠词。 一、动名词的时态、语态、否定形式及基本用法

He disliked being interrupted in his experiment.

I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time.

They regret not having been able to inform you of the meeting.

Several of our customers complain of having been treated very rudely.

Speaking a language is a most effective way of learning it pleasantly and naturally. 二、动名词的逻辑主语

动名词前可以加一个名词所有格、人称代词宾格、形容词性物主代词或名词普通格，充当动名词的逻辑主语，与动名词一起构成复合结构。 （一） 动名词复合结构作主语

动名词复合结构位于句首直接作主语时，逻辑主语是有生命的名词只用所有格；逻辑主语是无生命的名词只用普通格；代词只用形容词性物主代词。

Yesterday being Sunday postponed the match.（无生命的名词用普通格） Jack ’s suddenly disappearing made them worried.（有生命的名词所有格） Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.（形容词性物主代词）

（二） 动名词复合结构作宾语

动名词复合结构作宾语时，逻辑主语是有生命的名词用所有格或普通格；逻辑主语是无生命的名词只是普通格；代词用形容词性物主代词或代词的宾格形式。

Jim was relying on there being another opportunity.

Were you disappointed at there not having been more gifts?

I knew nothing about the widow being open.(window无生命的名词用普通格)

We object to his/ him making private calls on the office phone.（形容词性物主代词或代词的宾格形式）

I can hardly imagine Peter/Peter’s sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.有生命的名词用普通格或所有格）

The noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard out in the street.（复合结构作介词宾语，无生命的名词用普通格）

（三） 动名词的逻辑主语是指示代词、不定代词或-s 结尾的名词时，用普通格。

I object to those being said about me.(指示代词)

I am doubtful of this being the best choice.（指示代词）

This can’t be said without someone getting angry.（不定代词）

The glory of the marshal counts on many soldiers dying on the battlefield.（-s 结尾的名词）

I don’t know anyone having done so.（anyone 为不定代词，很少用anyone ’s ） It was quite unexpected the students finishing the exam so soon.(-s结尾的复数名词)

（四） 在复合结构中，it 作逻辑主语指物时，用宾格或所属格均可；it 指时间时，只能用

宾格

Why, it’s eight o’clock already.— I ’m surprised at it being so late.(it指时间)

She was worried about the little bird: she was frightened of it (its) building a nest in the chimney. （it/its指物） 三、动名词作主语

动名词作主语通常表示抽象的、习惯性的或经常性的动作，表示说话者对所述的动作有过经验或多次做过。

London knew that with Rome’s maniacal drivers, flying was probably safer anyway. Seeing is believing.

Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays.

(一) It is + n./adj. +doing句型

know that it was no use forcing the issues, although sometimes at night when she thought he was sleeping, he would hear her crying. It ’s no use buying books but not reading them.

=There is no use/ no good/ no point buying books but not reading them. =It is useless buying books but not reading them. =It is of no use buying books but not to read them.

It ’s a waste of time trying to reason with such a stick- in – the – mud. We don’t think it’s a bore doing the same kind of work every day. It is hard keeping the grass green at this time of year.

(二) “There is no+doing…”此句型常表示”没法… There is no getting along with him. There is no bearing such rude remarks.

There is hiding of evil but not to do it.(要想人不知，除非己莫为。) There is no saying what he’ll be doing next. 四、动名词作表语

动名词作表语起名词的作用，用来表示主语的内容。主语和表语在概念上必须一致。 My hobby is collecting stamps. My favourite sport is swimming.

Our duty is serving the people heart and soul. 五、动名词作定语

动名词作定语用来说明所修饰名词的用途。而现在分词作定语，则表示所修饰名词的动作。

Most of them thought that anybody willing to work should be able to find a job that paid a living wage.

There is a swimming pool at the back of the garden.

动名词作定语的常用短语有：

Water for drinking; a desk for writing; the condition for working

比较：现在分词作定语其所修饰名词的动作或状态，可转换成定语从句。 I like that dancing girl.( I like that girl who is dancing.) 六、动名词作宾语

Scientists did not appreciate having their discoveries used by the church to promote religion. When he became older, he would stop going to school altogether for weeks at a time. Did he admit having broken the window? You mustn’t delay sending the medicine over. I don’t mind Jane/ Jane’s buying another house. We ’re considering him/ his going there with us. The shirt can’t stand washing. Do you feel like taking a walk? Ned left off talking about the firm. She can’t stand being kept waiting. (三) 动名词作某些介词或介词短语的宾语

nevertheless, he did not immediately respond.

Both of his parents died in the attack, but Harry managed to survive due to his mother sacrificing her life to his.

Harry had a lot of trouble keeping his mind on his lessons that day. What about listening to pop music?

You should study instead of watching TV.

We are sorry for not having informed you of the matter.

Having broken a vase, the boy stood still without daring (to) raise his head. She took to going out for a walk in the evening.

She was looking forward to leaving the hospital wards.

He is returning from Britain to Australia for good, to get down to managing the estate. (四) 动名词常在下列句型中作介词in 的宾语，in 常省略

I don’t like to lose hours( in) waiting.

They are busy (in) preparing for the party.

There is not much point (in) arguing any further.

He wasted half an hour (in) going to the library only to find it was closed.

(五) 动名词作形容词busy, worth的宾语 The children are busy doing their homework. The novel is worth reading a second time.

(六) 动名词用在动词want, need, deserve(值得，应得) 和require 后面，动名词的主动形

式作宾语表示被动含义，意为“需要被…” “该做…”相当于“want/ need/ require/ deserve +to be done”

He deserves praising/deserves to be praised.

The sentence needs improving/ needs to be improved. (七) 在复合宾语中，用it 作形式宾语，将动名词短语放在宾语补足语后面

I consider it a waste of time arguing about it.

He thought it absolutely senseless attempting the impossible. I consider it no good your taking up the matter now.

七、名词化的动名词

（一） 动名词没有复数形式，而名词化的动名词有复数形式

It enabled scientists from different departments to share daily findings with one another.

Symbols carry different meanings in different settings. All these comings and goings disturb me. These letters tell about his doings in America.

(二) 动名词有时态和语态的变化，而名词化的动名词则没有 Being bullied by others is something shameful.

I don’t remember having been given a chance to see the film.

(三) 动名词不能带冠词或其他限定词（one, his, some, that等），而名词化的动名词却可以

I also know where the next killing is going to be. He is fond of this chatting with her.

She has some washing to do this morning. She can finish this book at one/ a sitting.

I used to go to the top of the mountain and see the rising of the sun.

(四) 动名词用状语修饰，而名词化的动名词用形容词修饰，且可带后置定语。 He is a man of wide reading.

The coming of my brother is of some help.

We have a clear understanding of the situation.

(五) 及物意义的动名词可以有宾语，名词化动名词的逻辑宾语要用of 短语 It ’s no use pumping a dry well.

The building of a reservoir took a long time.

They are needed for the making of clothes, paper and other necessities. 八、某些动词后跟动名词和跟不定式的比较

（一） chance to do碰巧做某事 chance doing sth.冒险做某事

I chanced to meet him in the book store. We can chance leaving without permission.

（二）在like, love, prefer, hate, fear等表示“喜爱、厌恶、恐惧”的动词后面接动名词

表示一般的、抽象的、习惯性的、经常的行为动作；接不定式表示特殊的、具体的、一次性的行为动作。如果would, should 与like, love, prefer等词连用，后面只跟不定式。 I should prefer to stay at home.

His father likes/ loves/ prefers taking a walk after supper. It ’s very hot today. I like/ love/ prefer to swim this afternoon.

(三)remember doing/ having done sth.表示已完成的动作，do 的动作已发生 remember to do sth.表示未做的动作，别忘了做某事，do 的动作未发生 I don’t remember having seen her. You must remember to post the letter.

I remember giving you the book. Maybe you lent it to someone else.

(四)forget doing sth.表示已完成的动作，但却忘了曾做过某事，do 的动作已发生 forget to do sth.表示未做的动作，忘记（要）做某事，do 的动作未发生 She forgot to give the manager the message.

I forgot telling him about the matter. So I told him again.

(五)regret doing/ having done sth.后悔做了某事，do 的动作已发生 regret to do sth.对现在要做的事情表示抱歉。意为“很遗憾的要…”，后面常接say, tell, inform, announce等动词

I regret to say (that) I can’t help you. I bitterly regret having told her about it. He regretted wasting so much time playing.

(六)stop doing sth.停止做某事（doing 作宾语）

stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事（to do 作目的状语） He stopped resting.

He stopped to have a rest.

They stopped watching TV at ten o’clock.

（七）mean doing sth.意味着，意思是（常用事物名词作主语）

mean to do sth.打算/想要做某事（常用人作主语） Do you mean to go without money? I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.

A breakdown on our way would mean our walking for hours. （八）try doing sth.试着做

try to do sth.设法做，但不一定成功 He tried cleaning the spot with alcohol.

He ’ll try to finish the work as early as possible.

(九)go on to do sth.接着做不同的事

go on doing sth.继续做相同的事 After writing, he went on to read.

He went on working without taking a rest.

(十)can ’t help doing sth.禁不住做某事；不由得不做某事

can ’t help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事 I couldn’t help finishing the task.

I can’t help (to) repair your bike because I am so busy. (十一) （be ）afraid to do sth.害怕做某事 (be)afraid of doing sth.担心，惟恐

He was afraid of losing face. Don ’t be afraid to ask for help.

(十二)be worthy to be done 值得（做…）的 of being done

be worth doing.值得（做…）（doing 主动表被动） The event is worthy of being remembered. His deed is worthy to be praised. His need is worthy of praise.

His suggestion is worth considering.

（十三）start/begin接不定式或动名词均可。但在下列几种情况下，只接不定式： 主语为事物名词；它们本身用进行时；后面接心里活动的词如feel, understand, see, realize 等。

It began to rain.

He ’s beginning to feel better.

We started to understand the situation.

They started/began to talk/ talking about the matter.