时态非谓语虚拟语气

1. 一般过去时

一般将来时

现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时

过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时

将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时

一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时

1. 动词的时态和语态

1．1 动词的时态和语态一览表

时态语态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时

主动被动 doare done didwere done will dowill be done

现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时 过去将来完成进行时

主动被动 are doingare being done were doingwere being done will be doing

现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时

主动 被动 have donehave been done had donehad been done will have donewill have been done

现在完成进行时

主动 被动 have been doing

1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用

1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时

英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995

汉语提示语：已经，早已，了

e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.

By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.

2) 现在完成进行时

从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。

汉语提示语：一直

e.g. The water has been running the whole night.

3) 过去完成时

a) said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。

e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.

b) hardly…when, no sooner… than

e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.

c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中

e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.

I wish I had done better in the exam.

历年考题中的动词时态和语态

1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.

2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.

3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.

4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.

5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 1930.

6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.

7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.

8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.

9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.

10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

Key:

1. comes 一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数

2. has expanded 现在完成时

3. has been 现在完成时

4. Standing 过去进行时的倒装形式

5. began 一般过去时

6. makes 一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数

7. has been living 现在完成进行时

8. had been sent 过去完成时的被动形式

9. witnessed 一般过去时

10. were driven 一般过去时的被动

2. 非谓语动词

2.1 动词主要时态和语态一览表

非谓语动词 形式 意义

现在分词

一 般 式 Doing 主动, 正在进行

被 动 式 being done 被动, 正在进行

完成主动式 having done 主动, 已经完成

完成被动式 having been done 被动, 已经完成

过去分词 Done 被动, 已经完成

动词不定式

一 般 式 To do 主动, 将要进行

被 动 式 To be done 被动, 将要进行

完成主动式 To have done 主动, 已经完成

进行主动式 To be doing 主动, 正在进行

2.2. 非谓语动词作状语

•动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语

e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）

He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）

•分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语

e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）

Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）

Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）

Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)

2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构

1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)

2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）

3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）

4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）

2.4 非谓语动词作定语

1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)

2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)

3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)

4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)

2.5 动名词和动词不定式

• 作主语和表语

动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。 e.g Rising early is good for health.

To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.

It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.

My biggest wish is to go abroad.

Seeing is believing.

• 作宾语

接动名词作宾语的动词：

admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.

接动词不定式作宾语的动词：

want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin

接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：

1) forget, remember, regret

2) stop, continue

3) need/ want

4) allow doing/ allow sb to do

(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?

Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.

(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?

(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.

(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.

历年考题中的非谓语动词

1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance.

2. Anyone ___(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.

3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction.

4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease.

5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.

6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.

7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.

8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.

9. I couldn’t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.

10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun.

Key:

1. doing 动名词做enjoy 的宾语

2. wanting 现在分词作定语

3. to control 动词不定式作目的状语

4. used 过去分词作定语

5. being 现在分词用在独立结构中

6. translated 连词加过去分词作状语

7. removed 过去分词作宾补

8. bound 过去分词用在独立结构中

9. feel couldn’t help but 后接动词原形

10. revolving 现在分词作定语

3. 虚拟语气

第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气

时间 从句 主句

与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do

与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done

与将来事实相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do

e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.

If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.

If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.

第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气

1) would rather + 从句

2) wish + 从句

3) if only + 从句

4) as if/ as though + 从句

5) It’s time + 从句

e.g. I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.

I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.

第三大类：从句中用should 加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should 可省略。

1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer

等动词后接的宾语从句；

2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句；

3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；

4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。

e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.

It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.

It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.

He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.

历年考题中的虚拟语气

1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.

3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.

4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.

5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every adult person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.

9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.

[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must

10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.

[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get

Key:

1. would have been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句

2. had not been 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句

3. took It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式

4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式

5. be given demand 所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式

6. should have received 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。

7. bought would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。

8. had met as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。

9. C 与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。

10. A 从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过去完成时。

结束语：

掌握语法题的要诀在于1）牢记上述表格；2）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；3）熟练套用正确形式；4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s ，动词的不规则变化等。在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法难题，在语法部分得到一个理想的分数！

____…., …..

leave me _worrying__ (worry)

Leave the book _damaged__ (damage)

Enable me to solve the problem .

Enable the problem to be solved

I would rather not go with you.

I would rather I didn’t go with you.

It’s time it _was done_ (do) immediately.

It’s time to do it immediately.

He acted as if the book had been written (write) by him.

Command, demand

The order which/that is given by my boss is hard to carry out.

The order that the task should be finished (finish) today is hard to carry out.

1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.

A. that B. which C. in which D. in that

2. ____ driving around all day looking for somewhere to park, why don’t you take a bus to town?

A. In spite of B. Rather than

C. In place of D. other than

He hasn’t read one book _other than__ novels.

He has read no book other than novels.

3. In his composition there were no other errors ___ a few misspelled words.

A. except B. besides C. than D. beside

4. In deciding ___ a course of action, the candidates tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters.

A. how to pursue B. whether to pursue

C. how pursuing D. whether pursuing

5. The kids are ___ be hungry when they get home—they always are.

A. obliged to B. bound to C. desired to D. motivated to

6. It is said the conference is ____ (hold) in this hall next month. Is to be held

7. Little did they realize that they had made_ (make) an important discovery in science.

8. A life lived (live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.

9. They proposed that the chance (that is available to them) be explained____ (explain) in detail.

10. (They are afraid that) everything well prepared (prepare), they may still lose the game.

11. While compelled (compel) to make the decision in a hurry, he made the right choice.

12. He is said/known/reported to have made (make) a lot of money before he was thirty years old.

He is said to take the job next week.

He is said to have taken the job last week.

I find him to have made a lot of money…

He is found to have made…

He said he had made

13. He would like to buy a used_ (use) car instead of a new one.

14. Having been deprived of all his money, he had to find a job to support himself.

15. How can you explain the phenomenon that occurs (occur) again and again in our daily life?

从A 、B 、C 、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1. --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.

--- You ______ something.

A. have left B. are always leaving

C. are leaving D. always left

2. --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math.

--- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself.

A. have been working; have

B. have worked; had

C. am working; will have

D. had been working; had had

3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.

A. are writing B. will write

C. has written D. write

4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.

A. will speak B. is going to speak

C. had to speak D. was going to speak

5. --- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.

--- Oh, I ______ myself.

A. am talking to B. talked about

C. have talked to D. was talking to

6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.

A. will play B. have played

C. played D. play

7. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ______ in a radio factory at that time.

A. had worked B. has worked

C. was working D. has been working

8. --- What ______ when I phoned you?

--- I ______ my work, and I wanted to go out.

A. have you done; finished

B. were you doing; have finished

C. did you do; had just finished

D. were you doing; had just finished

9. --- Have you finished the report?

--- No. I ______ it all this week.

A. will do B. had done

C. have done D. have been doing

10. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.

A. had worn B. wore

C. were wearing D. are wearing

11. --- We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.

--- I’m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.

A. had expected; had intended

B. are expecting; had intended

C. expect; intend

D. expected; intend

12. --- Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty!

--- Mum, I ______ my storeroom downstairs.

A. cleaned B. have cleaned

C. was cleaning D. have been cleaning

13. They won’t buy new clothes because they ______ money to buy a new house.

A. save B. are saving

C. have saved D. were saving

14. The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better.

A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting

15. --- I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.

--- I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I ______ my guests in my office.

A. is being met B. will meet

C. will be meeting D. will have met

16. --- Alice came back home the day before yesterday.

--- Really? Where ______?

A. has she been B. had she been

C. has she gone D. had she gone

17. I know Mr. Brown; we ______ to each other at an international conference.

A. are introduced B. are been introduced

C. were introduced D. had been introduced

18. --- Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?

--- Sorry. I have no idea.

A. has; bought B. 不填; bought

C. did; buy D. 不填; buys

19. Don’t bother to look for my dictionary --- it ______ some day.

A. turns up B. has turned up

C. will turn up D. is going to turn up

20. --- What do you think of this kind of TV set, which ______ in Shanghai? --- Well, I don’t care about such things.

A. was made B. is made

C. has been made D. had been made

21. --- Did he notice you enter the room?

--- I don’t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.

A. listened B. was listening

C. has listened D. had listened

22. The plane ______ at 7:00 pm, so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.

A. has left B. would leave

C. will have left D. leaves

23. The train ______ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine o’clock tonight.

A. went B. is going C. goes D. will be going

24. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ______ coffee.

A. prefer B. preferred

C. had preferred D. am preferring

25. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ______ too long.

A. had been cooked B. were cooked

C. have cooked D. cooked

26. --- Remember the first time we met, Jim?

--- Of course I do. You ______ in the library.

A. were reading B. had read

C. have read D. read

27. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ______ the cloth ______ well.

A. have told; washes

B. have been told; washes

C. was told; washed

D. have been told; is washed

28. --- Is Tom still smoking?

--- No. By next Saturday he ______ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.

A. will be B. will have gone

C. will have been D. has been going

29. --- ______ Betty this morning?

--- Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.

A. Have you seen B. Will you see

C. Do you see D. Did you see?

30. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.

A. I heard B. did I hear

C. I had heard D. had I heard

31. --- Look at the black clouds. It ______ soon.

--- Sure. If only we ______ out.

A. is raining; didn’t come

B. is to rain; won’t start

C. will rain; haven’t started

D. is going to rain; hadn’t come

32. He ______ articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ______ about forty articles.

A. has been writing; has written

B. has been writing; wrote

C. is writing; has been writing

D. has written; has written

33. She ______ to the office than she got down to writing the report.

A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got

C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got

34. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ______ from practice and he gained his experience by doing a lot of practical work.

A. was coming B. had come

C. comes D. would come

35. --- Don’t forget to bring my new books tomorrow afternoon.

--- No, I ______.

A. don’t B. do C. won’t D. will

36. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ______.

A. finished what I was doing

B. finished what I did

C. would finish what I was doing

D. finish what I did

37. You won’t know whether the coat fits you until you ______ it on.

A. will try B. have tried

C. tried D. are trying

38. My dictionary ______. I have looked for it everywhere but still ______it.

A. has lost; don’t find

B. is missing; don’t find

C. has lost; haven’t found

D. is missing; haven’t found

39. ______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.

A. When left B. Leaving

C. If you leave D. Leave

40. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?

--- I ______ yet, but I ______ taking a train.

A. didn’t decide; am considering

B. haven’t decided; consider

C. haven’t decided; am considering

D. hadn’t decided; have considered

41. --- Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favour?

--- Of course. What is it?

--- I ______ if you could take me to the station.

A. would wonder B. did wonder

C. was wondering D. had wondered

42. --- Got your driving license?

--- No. I ______ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week. I’m going to next week.

A. was B. have been C. am D. had been

43. With the development of science, more new technology ______ to the field of IT.

A. has introduced B. is being introduced

C. is introduced D. was introduced

44. --- Who’s the man over there?

--- It’s Jack.

--- Oh? ______ in Italy.

A. I think he’s

B. I’ve thought he’s been

C. I thought he was

D. I’d thought he’d been

45. --- I dropped in at your house at about ten last night, but you weren’t in.

--- I ______ regular exercises at the club.

A. did B. was doing C. had done D. have been doing

46. --- Each of the students, working hard at their lessons, ______ the book. --- So have I.

A. is reading B. has read C. reading D. reads

47. The baby is generally healthy, but every now and then he ______ a cold.

A. has caught B. is catching

C. will catch D. does catch

48. It is when the plane ______ that you’d better find out at the booking office.

A. would take off B. had taken off

C. was taking off D. is taking off

49. --- I’m sorry, but there’s no smoking on this flight.

--- Oh, I ______ that. Sorry, I won’t again.

A. don’t know B. didn’t know

C. won’t know D. haven’t known

50. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ______ it.

A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned

C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned

答案及部分解析：

1-5 BADDD 6-10 DCDDD 11-15 ADBDC 16-20 BCBCB

21-25 BDDAA 26-30 ABBAD 31-35 DADCC 36-40 ABDDC

41-45 CDBCB 46-50 BDDBC

1. 进行时态与always, all the time 等连用，表示习惯性行为，且带有浓厚的感情色彩。此处可理解为“你总是丢三落四的”。

2. recently常与现在完成时或一般过去时连用。第二空应用一般现在时。

3. next time引导时间状语从句，而且其谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来。

4. 由题意“他本来打算在会上发言，但„„”可知应选D 项。

5. Oh, I was talking to myself.意为“噢， 我（刚才）只是在自言自语”。

6. “乒乓球打得好”是一般情况，故用一般现在时。

9. 现在完成进行时可用于表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，有可能继续延续下去，也可能刚刚结束。本题使用现在完成进行时强调了动作的持续性和未完成性。

10. 此处用现在进行时来解释前面所说的话，意为“我猜你刚才一定很匆忙，毛衫都穿反了”。

11. 由宾语从句中的would fix可断定第一空用had expected（表示“过去本来期望”）；第二空用had intended（to do...），表示“过去本来打算（去做„„）”。

14. 现在进行时可用于表示动作的渐进过程。又如：Her hair is getting grayer and grayer. 她的头发正变得越来越花白。

15. 此空用将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。

16. 此处表示“前天之前艾利斯曾经去哪儿了？”故用过去完成时态。

18. Where do you think _____ he...?为双重疑问句，故第一空不填；第二空为过去发生的动作，故用一般过去时态。

21. He _____ to the radio with his eyes shut.后省略了when I entered the room。此处意为“（当我进入那个房间时，）他正闭着眼睛听收音机”。

22. 按时间表或日程表安排将要发生的事，常用一般现在时表示将来。

23. 题意为“火车将一直以目前的速度行驶直到今晚9点到达山脚下。”

24. 此处prefer 意为“宁愿”，是表示人心理状态的动词，不宜用现在进行时态。

27. 某些动词，如：wash, lock, sell, wear, write, read, open, clean等常用一般现在时的主动语态来表示主语（通常是物）的内在品质或属性等。

28. “by+将来某一时间”常与将来完成时态连用。

29. 由答语中的“Not yet”可断定此题应选A 。现在完成时态的用法之一是“表示过去某一时间发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果”。

31. 表示“天将下雨”常用It’s going to rain 。If only...表示“但愿„„”；如果表示与过去的事实相反，句中谓语动词常用过去完 成时态。

33. 在no sooner...than...（刚„„就„„）句型中，主句常用过去完成时态。

36. 题意为“我决定一完成我眼下正在做的事，就去图书馆”。注意：主句为一般过去时态。

39. 题干为“祈使句+and+并列分句”的句型。

41. 某些动词（如：wonder, hope, think等）常用过去进行时表示委婉的语气。

45. 此处应理解为“你昨晚来我家的时候，我正在俱乐部做常规锻炼。”

46. 由答语中的助动词have 可确定此空应用现在完成时态。

47. every now and then意为“有时，偶尔”，应与一般现在时连用。does 表示强调。

48. 注意题干为强调句型。take off用进行时态表示将来。